Samstag, 22. Dezember 2018
internet
History
In 1965 the first school computer in the USSR, Ural-1, was set up in the town of Nõo. Mass usage of computing networks first came with FidoNet, the first Estonian node of which appeared in 1989.[11] The first Internet connections in the country were introduced in 1992 at academic facilities in Tallinn and Tartu.[12] The national domain (.ee) was registered in the middle of 1992. By virtue of its geographical location, the country played important role in transporting Internet culture to neighbouring Russia.[citation needed] One of the first backbone links for Russia was built in 1991 by Relcom through Estonia to Finland.[13] In 1996 Estonian president Lennart Meri started the four-year state program "Tiigrihüpe" to computerize and internetize all of the country's schools.[citation needed]The first public Wi-Fi area was launched in 2001 and a system of mobile data networks that enable widespread wireless broadband access has developed.[citation needed] In 2011, the country had over 2,440 free, certified Wi-Fi areas meant for public use, including at cafes, hotels, hospitals, schools, and gas stations. A countrywide wireless internet service based on CDMA technology has been deployed.[citation needed] Three mobile operators offer mobile 3G and 3.5G services, and as of May 2013, 4G services covered over 95 percent of the territory.[12]
Computerization and digital connection for people are encouraged and supported by the state. The country has a digital ID card system,[14] and in 2005 local elections were held with the official possibility to vote online — the first case of its kind in the world.[15]
In 2008, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established a joint cyberdefense center in Estonia to improve cyberdefense interoperability and provide security support for all NATO members.[12]
In 2009, the Estonian Internet Foundation was established to manage Estonia’s top level domain, ".ee". As a multi-stakeholder organization it represents the Estonian Internet community internationally with respect to various Internet governance issues.[12]
In 2013 there were over 200 operators offering electronic communications services, including six mobile phone companies and numerous Internet service providers. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services are widely available. Estonia has the largest functioning public-key infrastructure in Europe. All radio channels and TV productions, including news, of Estonian Public Broadcasting are available over the Internet in real time and archives of its radio and television programs are available at no charge.[12]
The country's most popular search engine in Estonia is Google, although a not so common, but still existing alternative is the local Neti.ee.[citation needed]
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